Wash your hands, there are resistomes in that dirt!

A remarkable paper by Forsberg et al. was just published in Science¹.  Using sophisticated “high-throughput” (fast and automatic) gene analysis techniques the authors demonstrated that soil contains antibiotic resistant bacteria and that resistance signals (messages, resistomes) are transmitted to other bacteria including types that make humans sick (pathogens). 

Now, I am not going to pretend to understand all the technical details of this elegant paper. However, I can understand that some may take this paper’s findings as “alarming”.  “The soil is awash with resistance, and it is due to antibiotic use in animals,” they may say.

However, as with all science, one paper’s findings must be compared and viewed in the greater body of knowledge.²  Also, when considering causation, timing is key. If we are creating this resistance pool, then there should be a time when little or no resistance existed. However, a few recent and also elegant papers show that antibiotics, as well as antibiotic resistance, have been around for a long, long time, way before people were using antibiotics, and maybe even before people walked the earth.  For example, Bhullar et al. found antibiotic multiple resistance in soil in a cave untouched for 4,000,000 years by mammalian life.³ Also, a study from D’Costa et al. found antibiotic resistance in 30,000 year old permafrost.⁴ Furthermore, another study states that a class of antibiotics called β-lactamases (which includes antibiotics such as penicillin), have been around for over 2 billion years, and even after decades of being used clinically, bacteria are still susceptible.⁵

I guess that is one more reason Mom made us wash our hands. However, it will be hard to explain to kids as they come screeching inside for dinner, “Wash your hands! That soil contains AB95 resistomes, DUDE!”

¹Forsberg, K.J. et al. 2012. The Shared Antibiotic Resistance of Soil Bacteria and Human Pathogens. Science 337:1107-1111

²Crombie, I.K, Davies, H.T. 2009. What is meta-analysis? Evidence-Based Medicine, 2^nd edition. pp. 1-8.
http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/painres/download/whatis/meta-an.pdf

³Bhullar, K. et al. 2012. Antibiotic Resistance is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome. PLoS One 7(4): 1-11.

⁴D’Costa, V. et al. 2011. Antibiotic Resistance is ancient. Nature 477:457-461http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7365/full/nature10388.html

⁵Wright, G.D. 2007. The antibiotic resistome: the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity. Nature Reviews Microbiology 5:175-186. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v5/n3/full/nrmicro1614.html

Antibiotics and Fat Babies

A recent report on NPR asks, "Could Antibiotics be a Factor in Childhood Obesity?" Another article on ABC News states, “Antibiotics too soon may set babies up for Obesity: Study.” 

I have to say these are about the funniest articles about antibiotics that I have seen in awhile. They are just laden with political implications! 

What is funny?

1.      Fortunately, the articles are clear that the evidence linking childhood obesity and antibiotic use is not strong.¹ NPR states, "Further studies are needed to confirm this trend." Of course, these articles refer to antibiotic treatment of the child, not animals. However, someone has already has made a connection to antibiotic use in food animals.^3,4

2.      For years some folks have been saying that antibiotic use in livestock does not really improve growth⁵ . However, these reports suggest even babies grow better with antibiotics⁶.  Additionally, the NPR article did cede that antibiotics in livestock may improve growth.

3.      Besides, what is wrong with a “fat” baby?  The article admits that the children showed no long term obesity problems, but that will likely be overlooked by the media.  Besides, what is what is wrong with a chubby bunny baby?  All of my children, except for one, looked like the old “Michelin Man”. Now they are perfect specimens of the human species (North European version).

4.      Sadly, like so many others, this article makes obesity someone else’s fault. It is the doctor who gave the antibiotics. Certainly, a baby cannot be expected to control its food consumption, but the parents can. Consumption is the key. It is not the food or antibiotics fault.

¹Barnett, S. 2012. Antibiotics too soon may set babies up for Obesity: Study. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/antibiotics-set-babies-obesity-study-suggests/story?id=17045227#.UDe3w6DNl7k

²Doucleff, M. 2012. Could Antibiotics Be a Factor in Childhood Obesity? http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/08/22/159743999/could-antibiotics-be-a-factor-in-childhood-obesity

³The Huffington Post UK. 2012. Farmers may be causing Obesity Epidemic by Feeding Livestock Antibiotics. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/22/farmers-obesity-livestock-antibiotics-_n_1821941.html?utm_hp_ref=uk

⁴Collins, N. 2012.  Livestock Antibiotics ‘Could Have Contributed to Human Obesity.’ The Telegraph.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9493178/Livestock-antibiotics-could-have-contributed-to-human-obesity.html

⁵Graham, JP et al. 2007. Growth Promoting Antibiotics in Food Animal Production: An Economic Analysis. Public Health Reports 122(1):79-87.

⁶Trasande, L et al. 2012. Infant Antibiotic Exposures and early life body mass. International
Journal of Obesity. http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ijo2012132a.html